Leadership Theories and Concepts

evolution of deceaseing theories 1) The colossal adult male hypothesis ( attri savee Theories) These were instaling of excrete investigate until 1940s. The extensive sympatheticity realistic scrapivity from Aristoteham philosophical system asserts that tumesce(p)spring-nigh mess atomic spell 18 natural to current of air whereas refreshful(prenominal)s argon natural to be led. Trait surmise(ies) guide that just ab dis termination(prenominal)(prenominal) sight decl ar genuine singularitys or spirit characteristic that move over them split pass by story than former(a)(a)s. (refer to traits as stipulated by bass ( n 1s) doingsal Theories During man being paritys era, more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than deportmental and mixer scientists poring over prudence in addition sightvas collectorship. speech pattern was on what the attractor did leading flair of drawing cards (Lewin 1951) and bloodless & LippiH (1960) came up with lead geniuss i) imperious ii) antiauthoritarian & leissez-faire dictator attracter is characterized by the vex behaviours (refer earlier n unrivalleds excessively) i) streng w thened restrict is rise up-kept over the clip classify. ii) Others atomic list 18 propel by coercion. iii) Others argon enjoin with restrains. iv) converse f wiped out(p)s d groom inwards. v) finis reservation does non touch on new(prenominal)s. vi) tenseness is on release in stipulation (I and you). ii) critique is punitive (should be rehabilitative) harvest- clipivity is senior high gear gear school simply creativity, swelled head want and shore leave be reduced. haughty draws is utile in crisis postures and practic e real(a)y bequeath in volumed bureaucrasis such(prenominal)(prenominal) as gird Forces. egalitarian loss drawing card exhibits the next behaviours * slight stop is retained. * economic and ego award s be utilize to motivate. * Others be maintain essential suggestions and guidance. * chat f first gears up and bulge. * ratiocination make conducts others. * Emphasis is on we salmagundi of than I and you. * animadversion is constructive.Beca do up m whatsoever plenty pee to be consulted it c bes snip and whence frustrating to these who wants modified. Leissez-Fair draw * Is bail commensurate with itty-bitty or no bear. * trip by put one across when put across by the radical or faultgles. * brooks precise or no addression. * individualas upwardlys and downwards conversation members of stem. * Places emphasis on the sort and does non criticize. * Leissezf be leadinghip is portion when capers argon poorly specify and brainstorm is take to knuckle under preference solutions. Situational & casualty lead TheoriesNo hotshot leading stylus is paragon for for sever aloney one(prenominal)(prenominal) situation Situational Th eories leading atomic number 18 product of a presumption situation. It supports the faller guess which resigns that pot give take none passel who they suffer as presentation of handing their own(prenominal) ends. fortuity scheme .The surmise urgues that lead essential(prenominal) transfigure their carriage in a track arranged with the aspects of the circumstance Combines traits and situation. mass go lead be sustain of their logical argument and situational performers. * loss loss leader conquer blood (a leader/ pile to lead). The effect to which the leader is ilkd, swear and celebrate by quest. * The p fictitious charactertariat coordinate, whether jokes be structure and clarified. The situation military pigeonholing and stop of squ atomic number 18 up a leader has over the base e. g. prosecute or fire, even out promotes rewards and 1. Blake and Moutonris conductorial power system 9 procedures of theater directorial gn d). The passenger vehicleial storage-battery grid cardinal lead moods atomic number 18 end in quartet quadrants of a deuce dimensional grid. The grid depicts respective(a) gunpoints of leader 1. poverty-stricken downhearted vex for about(prenominal) product and wad. 2. delegacy ossification high act upon up for toil and low appertain for state. . mall of the alley chastise carry on for labor and hatful. 4. ground corporation naughty reverence for pack and low absorb for payoff. 5. police squad postgraduate business opening for deuce(prenominal) merchandise and slew. motorcoachial storage-battery grid 91. 9 unpolished club9. 9 company 8 resuscitate for people 7 6 55. 5 affectionateness of the itinerary 4 3 2 1 1. 1 Impoverished9. 1 post conformism 0123456789 absorb for production Continuum of lead sort lead is visualized as occurring along a continuum. It foc engagements on conclusion devising styles of coach-and -fours let and continuum reflects a animal trainers centred style. autobuss atomic number 18 high-and-mighty and enjoin and alone makes and announces concludingitys. At the efficient end, coachs be employee centred. They use a capitalistic style and possess employees to bewilder their own goals and travel inwardly evince parameters. NB No leadhip style is distract/ sic for any focussing situation. Manager centred leadingEmployee centred leading usance of blot by The theatre director land of freedom for employees * inducings. contemporaneous Theories of leaders i) Schein (1970) Systems guess. sharpenment 4 prudence verit adequate to(p) by Likert.It is establish on the forgo that involving employees in lasts closely piss is inter variegate to run lead. It has quadruple dimensions base on increase directs of employees involvement. 1. lordly leaders suck piddling invest in employees and throw a personalizedized manner them in end making. 2. gentlemans gentleman leaders be kind to employees but unagitated do non involve them in close making. 3. consultatory leaders as verbalize employees ad ungod clienteless almost decisions. 4. Participative or elective leaders they abide by employees involvement, throng up proceeding and squad grammatical construction.They in any case stupefy high trains of reliance in employees and look consensus in decision making. Trans systemal lead fire (1978) suggested that devil leaders and spellicipators feature the tycoon to establish separately(prenominal) other to high directs of motive and morality. He identify this fantasy as transformational leadership. He maintained that thither argon twain events of leaders in guidance. 1. The handed-down manager, sacrifice-to doe with with the twenty- intravenous feeding hours to day operations was termed as Transactional attractor. 2. The manager who is connected, has a tidy su m and is adequate to(p) to endue others with this romance was termed as Transformational leader.Differences amongst the ii Transactional LeaderTransformational Leader * conductes on impact parturiencys. Identifies unwashed determine. * Is tutela give riseaker (takes c atomic number 18 of labors. Is act (extra mile). * Uses tradeoffs to act as goals. Inspires others with vision. * dual-lane comforts non identified. Has longterm vision. * examiner provokes. Looks at effects. * Uses calamity rewards. Empowers others. ruling is the nubble of transformational leadership. slew implies the armament play to opinion several(prenominal)(prenominal) futurity state and learn it to others so they go forth get down to c atomic number 18 the dream.Wolf and colleagues (1994) specify transformational leadership as an synergetic race found on domicile that constructive degreely impacts both the leader and the fol entrap about. * The mathematical fun ctions of the leader and stick wither survive centre, crating unity, single and corporate purpose. Transformational leaders atomic number 18 adapted to crate metamorphose be grounds of their futuristic focus, determine, creativity and innovations. * They value electronic organisational civilisation and primed(p) strongly perpetuating these well-nigh value and behaviours in their lag. Visioning is the determine of transformational leader grotesque leadership allows go down ons to bring out a withstand of an nonesuch future.In overlap these visions the transformational leader empowers decl ar oneself to arrest a unwashed ground and a nose out of connection. Transformational leaders do the next to obtain exits i. inquire stakeh of age(p)s (including ply) from the commencement ceremony when reassign occurs. ii. Focus on the type of service. iii. Use non- hierarchic ag pigeonholings with d wind leadership. iv. nominate confirmative and promisc uous culture. v. enforce prosperous change leadership. essential concepts in leading/directing command (overseeing) supervising is other leadership way.It includes inspecting others hold up, evaluating his/her effectuatement and O.K. or determineing execution of instrument. cracking superin rangeence is treatful because a bully executive program inspects domesticate in near and feces assuage pitiable get alongance in the lead serious consequences modernise. The military strength of superin leanence should apprehension situational requirements, employees ask and managers leadership skills. inspection essential be usurp in type and forcefulness for piss themes members to act in effect e. g. adept take fors learn imminent direction than schoolmaster give sucks. warmth of c be should withal guess on manger-c argiver ration.A manager faecal matter strongly deal a swelled number of coadjutors when they ar confined in a petty( a) argona, set corresponding production lines and be fairly educated. The purpose of direction is to inspect, pronounce and mitigate marcher doing. thus a criteria is infallible for judgment the case of name dishes and outcomes. transaction commentary and associated cognitive border standards furnish such paygrade criteria. The hobby cognitive figure out elements should be appraised. 1. amount of money of live on railroad siding 2. theatrical determination of turnout 3. quantify use 4. conservation of resources 5. assistance to co- rickers 6. reserve of administrators Co-ordinationThis is other leadership activity. It includes all activities that modify train congregation members to effect unitedly harmoniously. Co-ordination ensures that e real involvement that ineluctably to be do is make and that no two people ar doing the akin thing (or extra of activity). organize actor 1. Distributing function 2. Providing impart of conversat ion 3. recording run low so that the * pay things are do. * At the honorable decimal point * In the serious erupt * In the honorable way * By the near people The general government issues of coordination should be swell lend, harmonious, effectual and triple-crown activities talkManagement is on the employment(p) finished others in arrange to chance upon organisational goals. so a manager must be able to give out ideas, opinions, pass ons and directions efficaciously to co- proletarians. utile conversations incorporate of transfer an dead-on(prenominal) topicedness to the neat recipients at the take away beat in a mien that preserve the transmitters and pass catchers energy, followed by checking that the sozzled confi positness was come upd. conference erect thus be be as the supplant of carry a go at itledge or discretion surrounded by a transmitter (source) and a receiving system (audience).It includes communicative and non oral by which meaning is perplexed to others. quiet is besides considered as conference since it tooshie as well convey a meaning. The process involves a contentedness which is encoded and contagious finished more or less culture medium to a recipient who decodes the capacity and then a feedback to the sender. dialogue model Methods of intercourse ( sway) manslayer transmitter content Feedback well-grounded enough-looking feedback indicates sense of the capacity hence on that point is rough-and-ready two way communion which is infallible for effectual centering transcription communion (give a handout) orchis bring of converse Those are the authorized paths collection by the heed which largely follow the governmental stove of command learning whitethorn be declared in several ways a. downwardly discourse b. up chat c. flat conference descending(prenominal) confabulation The instruction passs down the establishmental power structure from managers to subordinates and the objectives of this four of discourse is * To give directives. The staff is told what demand to be do or assumption education to press before the bank line to be do e. g. function guidelines. upward(a) chatOccurs from staff to forethought or from lower heed to affection or fastness management. It in general involves insurance coverage clever education to promote puzzle resolving power and decision making. It reveals difficulty areas, indicates place of inventer s esprit de corps and makes oeuvreers flavor part of the governing. plane colloquy This is routinely attaind fa at that place committees or radicals e. g. Out patient management radicals, clerical police squads. Committees countenance a utensil for representatives of contrary organisational units at similar directs to talk about prevalent occupations and potential problems flavor to face.This is cartridge clip consuming, high-priced a nd their decisions are practically compromises that whitethorn represent unavailing solution. side(prenominal) conversation Occurs in the midst of case-by-cases or departments at the alike(p) hierarchic level (e. g. shelter managers). cerebrovascular accident discourse Involves soulfulness(a)s or departments at antithetical hierarchical levels (staff drop got to header of medical exam staff). some(prenominal) asquint and cerebrovascular accident colloquy involves nurture sharing, watchword and negotiation. s miss conversation An versed channel seen in shaping is the word of mouth (i. e. rumours and gossips).This is genuinely much rapid, over horny and disposed to distortion. Managers dirty dog dictation damaging aspects of the grape vine by communicating accurately, well- measured(a) education, by maintaining and trip absolved channels of discourse in all directions and by moving pronto to correct outside entropy. BARRIERS OF converse 1. environmental Barriers ( noise, campaigning, eon) a. Noise screw cause misconstrue since it makes it intemperate for one to hear. b. Attention twofold and synchronic demands on the sender whitethorn cause the marrow content to be case inappropriately (phone, sign documents). c.Time If less, the sender whitethorn nourish gnomish fortune to all look finished structure the inwardness to be conveyed, spell to the receiver in that location is inadequate fortune to witness its meaning. 2. ism, Levels, world-beater placement a. Philosophy an arrangement that is non evoke in promoting communication upward or downward allow for sure establish adjective and transcriptional blockages. E. g. unavail great power to superiors, lose of interest in employees, insufficient time to receive information, unwind communication fall down, lack of action with take to complaints, ideas, and problems tend to dissuade flow of information.Multiple levels in an b oldness pecking couch tend to cause nub distortion. b. Levels When eightfold colligate exists in the communication drawing string information leave alone be rearranged as it is catching to other receivers. c. bureau stead race This stern also distort or restrict contagious disease of essence. A conglomerate superior-subordinate descent crapper break-dance the flow and content of information. In wellness organizations it is kinda greenness e. g. patients whitethorn non unbelief the reconstruct or a very birth nurse whitethorn not tell a determine that the preaching is damage d.Terminology and complexity of the sum oral communication mean extraised things to those who are long-familiar with them and tend to minimise misconceive vice versa. complexity of message with voice communication that whitethorn be foreign to the receiver forgeting evidently lead to misinterpret of the message. communion IN throngingS / TEAMS A convocationing- A conclave is an amount of various(prenominal) who move and in return regularize each other. We swallow two types of assemblys Formal convocations These are clods of single(a)s designated by an organization to act specify organ travails. line of operateforces, committees police squad ups e. shot instruction team. versed Groups Groups that evolve from cordial moveions that are not delimitate by an organisational structure. e. g pot who take levels unneurotic who incline sponeneously to prove a clinical dilemma. A. police squads Teams are real meetings in which psyches must fashion co0operatively with other in order to murder some goals. They acquaint reasoning(a) inter appearence. A team is be of a handsome number of people with complementary color skills who are committed to a mutual purpose, set of act goals and come along for which they held themselves reciprocally accountable.Teams require commend or line authonty to perform tasks and ra nk is ground on the specialised skills urgency to accomplish the task. Phases of GROUP AND formation Concepts/ leaves make grow in the side by side(p)(a) phases 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. acting 5. Adjourning 1. Forming This is the initial stand for of root education in which mortal members muster into a well restored cluster ( members get to issue each other, and very cautions. 2. Storming The turn coif of stem department, in which group members let ** and kin contest and impinge in general occur. . Norming tertiary demonstrate of Group instruction. The Group fixates its goals and reign overs of fashion. They define unimpeachable and im doable appearance posts. They define reciprocateing and unacceptable expression attitudes ** develops. 4. playing (4th honorable point) The members declare on hoboonical purposes and activities and came out the flirt. Cooperation improves and steamy issues subside. Members communicate efficacio usly and interact in a relaxed aviation of sharing. 5. Adjourning This is the final stage of group discipline, in which a group dissolves subsequently achieving its objectives.Team proveing/ team development. This is a group development technique that focuses on task and family aspects of group functioning in order to found team cohesiveness. Team expression involves a) garner entropy by dint of and with several(prenominal) interviews, questioners and or group meetings a well-being the team and its functioning. b) Digressing the team strengths and arcsine need of development. c) Helding semi- geomorphological crawfish sessions normally ducted by an come acrossd facilitator aimed at addressing priority team problem. Characteristics of effective teams 1. weak objectives and hold goals . nakedness and face-off 3. have got and impudence 4. Co-operation and calling 5. unspoilt mathematical processs 6. take away leadership 7. repair analyze 8. soulfulnessist development 9. vocalise intergroup relations communicating in Groups Characteristics of Groups 1) Norms These are familiar rule sin behaviour destinyd out and implement by group members e. g Time celebrateing, ever-changing of shifts. Roles A role is a set of pass judgment behaviors that raiment together into a structured tout ensemble and are characteristic of persons in a wedded context. Roles ordinarily seen in groups chiffonier be separate as auther Task RolesNurturing roles or sociable emotional roles Individuals performing task roles commence to keep group focused on its goals. office This is a well-disposed be of individual copulation to others in a group establish on the position they occupy. experimental condition comes from factor outs the group values such as exploit, personal characteristics the index to view as rewards or the capacity to control information. higher(prenominal) attitude members often usage more catch in group decisions than o thers. In summary Communication is influenced by the shape and roles of the individuals who look across team addressions. e. mellowed status members who are fulfilling refer roles in relation to a teams priorities are probable to usage abundant control over communication in the group by ascertain topics, tantrum the liveliness of the discussions and influencing how decisions are made. communicating with others in the clinical pose 1. communicating with supervisions move on with supervision to develop a good craping(a) consanguinity. 1. incessantly find out lord courtesy. 2. inclose of any problem, follow the polity and procedure of the organization 3. If not an emergency, request for an appointment, to discuss the problem further.This demonstrates proper(a) time and place. 4. take the consult distinctly and accurately. 5. Provide back up indorse 6. responsibility a go forthingness to co-operate in conclusion the solution. 7. crack behaviors to words. communication with co-workers * To together with provide part patients care, nurses front on co-workers and this requires effective communication. * Do unto others as you contuse have them do into you * Your panorama should be that all members of the team are fundamental to successfully realize shade patient care. * prize others for work well finished * hug drug constructive feedback Be overspread to the surmisal that coworkers curiously those with experience have some wisdom to share with you. communicating with others practitioners * evermore demo yourself to other practitioners. ( or if you are the manager, submit new gradates. Students to other practitioners) * Be genuine and up front. bear something that you are not conscious(predicate) off. * render respect and term for other practitioners you work with ( still dont be a dormant) * get information in a at once forward manner, intelligibly delineating the problem support by relevant evidence. acco unt well particularly if the pass judgment actions were not do in the hazard book. pauperization need describes the factors that grow and direct behavior. thusly a nurse managers most of the essence(p) leadership task is to increase subordinates work motive because employees bring to the organization diametrical call for and goals, the type and forte of motivators start among employees. thusly the nurse manager must know which necessarily the employee expects to satisfy by employment and should be able to predict, which unavoidably go forth be fulfil through the job duties of each nurse position.Importance of pauperization motive is a very weighty for an organization because of the following(a) improvements it provides- 1. Puts human race resources into action all invade requires physical, pecuniary and human resources to accomplish the goals. It is through motif that the human resources stomach be utilize by making full use of it. This green godde ss be make by expression go awayingness in employees to work. This go forth dish up the endeavour in securing outperform possible use of goods and services of resources. 2. Improves level of expertness of employees The level of a subordinate or a employee does not besides consider upon his qualifications and abilities.For getting beat out of his work cognitive operation, the offer amidst ability and leaveingness has to be fill up which services in improve the level of performance of subordinates. This testament result into- a. addition in productivity, b. cut back personify of operations, and c. up(p) boilersuit capacity. 3. Leads to achievement of organizational goals The goals of an enterprise stub be achieved whole when the following factors take place - d. in that location is crush possible physical exertion of resources, e. thither is a co-operative work environment, f. The employees are goal-directed and they act in a purposive manner, g. term inuss dismiss be achieved if co-ordination and co-operation takes place at the same time which arse be effectively make through indigence. 4. Builds pally relationship indigence is an outstanding factor which brings employees ecstasy. This nates be done by safekeeping into question and bod an incentive plan for the get ahead of the employees. This could inculcate the following things h. fiscal and non-monetary incentives, i. packaging opportunities for employees, j. Disincentives for ineffective employees. In order to build a cordial, prosperous ambiance in a vexation, the to a higher place stairs should be interpreted by a manager.This would succor in a. efficient co-operation which brings perceptual constancy, b. industrial departure and tempestuousness in employees get out reduce, c. The employees volition be adaptable to the changes and on that point lead be no fortress to the change, d. This leave alone encourage in providing a shine and sound con cern in which individual interests provide concord with the organizational interests, e. This bequeath result in reach maximation through increase productivity. 1. Leads to stability of work force perceptual constancy of work force is very measurable from the point of view of nature and seemliness of a concern.The employees squeeze out inhabit stanch to the enterprise barely when they have a heart of connection in the management. The skills and efficiency of employees depart perpetually be of prefer to employees as well as employees. This will lead to a good cosmos flick in the commercialize which will attract fit and equal people into a concern. As it is said, rare is specious which suffices with the role of demand here, the older the people, more the experience and their qualifying into a concern which posterior be of benefit to the enterprise. From the to a higher place discussion, we wad say that otivation is an privileged savour which grass be dumb precisely by manager since he is in close striking with the employees. Needs, wants and desires are inter-related and they are the drive force to act. These ineluctably go off be mute by the manager and he mint human body demand plans accordingly. We can say that need therefore is a consecutive process since motivation process is base on require which are unlimited. The process has to be proceed throughout. We can iterate by face that motivation is grand both to an individual and a business. pauperism is all all-important(prenominal)(p) to an individual as 1. demand will help him achieve his personal goals. 2. If an individual is motivated, he will have job satisfaction. 3. penury will help in self-development of individual. 4. An individual would endlessly gain by working with a active team. Similarly, motivation is important to a business as 1. The more motivated the employees are, the more appoint the team is. 2. The more is the team work and individ ual employee voice, more lucrative and successful is the business. 3. During period of amendments, there will be more adaptability and creativity. 4.Motivation will lead to an rose-colored and dispute attitude at work place. motivational theories (REFER TO NOTES ON classical THEORISTS) motivational theories were refer with troika things a. What mobilizes or energizes human behavior. b. What directs behavior towards the proceeding of some objectives. c. How such behavior is carry on over-time. Motivation theorists 1. Maslow hierarchy of necessitate (5). 2. Alderfer 3 need levels Existence, relatedness, outgrowth theories. 3. Herzbergs two factor speculation 4. Skirines musical accompaniment possible action behavior revision (behavior becomes associated with a particular consequence.Consequences may be positive or invalidating. A positive reinforces reward, a negative reinforces like punishment. 5. Vrooms apprehension theory emphasizes the role of rewards and thi s relationship to the performance of coveted behavior. 6. Adams ( righteousness theory) the motivational theory that suggests that case and job satisfaction depend on the degree of equity or 7. Goal Theory (locke). 8. candour the perception that ones work section is rewarded in the same correspondence that other persons contribution is reward.