Seminar Article on Cystic Fibrosis

The article is a thorough treatise on the dreaded disease ‘Cystic Fibrosis’ which occurs due to a genetic defect, largely in people of Caucasian origin, although it is not exclusive for this particular race (3). It includes systematically collected information about the disease from past as well as the latest reviews available at Medline, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library, besides those from Johns Hopkins University in the US.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Seminar Article on Cystic Fibrosis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The historical prevalence, therapeutic interventions employed for its treatment, the recently identified mechanisms of the disease have been thoroughly elaborated upon and the latest guidelines for handling the disease have been suggested. The treatise follows a lucid, easy to read style which is comprehensible even for a non technical person, except for certain sections which explain the genetic basis of the disease. The flow of the article is built in an appropriate manner by first elucidating the mechanisms of the disease, followed by the latest diagnostic methods employed to detect its presence, the symptoms and clinical manifestations, the effects in different organ systems of the body and finally rounded off by treatment modalities available to handle its various manifestations. The article closes with a peek at the latest endeavours in research on cystic fibrosis. The article however, has more academic than clinical relevance as it is too elaborate to focus on one particular facet of the disease. In the introduction, the author has highlighted the contribution of research on cystic fibrosis, which has enabled a person suffering from this disease to have a better life expectancy due to the recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. The disease aetiology has been explained extensively with explanations about the genetic defect which p recipitates it. The cause of the disease has been attributed due to mutation in the gene that encodes for the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) protein which is expressed in many epithelial and blood cells (3). The finer molecular mechanisms, mutations and effects of CFTR are tabulated on the first page with appropriate detail. According to the author, CFTR primarily functions as a chloride channel besides it multifarious functions in the regulation of sodium transportation and ATP channels. Despite the occurrence of more than 1500 mutations in the CFTR gene, class II mutation has been identified as the most common in European and North American populations (3).Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Manifestations of cystic fibrosis are variable depending upon the particular mutation and specific organ systems are affected accordingly. The variatio ns are so extensive that symptoms and characteristics of the disease can vary, even between siblings. Polymorphisms in non-CFTR genes and gene-gene interactions have been suggested as the basis of these variations. According to the author, a number of hypotheses have been suggested for the occurrence of cystic fibrosis, out of which four have been elaborated in the article. The first hypothesis suggests that loss of inhibition of epithelial sodium channels results in excessive sodium and water reabsorption with the resultant dehydration of airway surface materials. This results in drying up of the airway mucous membranes and the formation of plaques which harbour pathogenic bacteria. Another hypothesis, the high-salt hypothesis suggests that due to the absence of functional CFTR, excess sodium and chloride retained in the airway surface liquid increases concentration of chloride in periciliary layers which does not allow innate antibiotic molecules to function. The third hypothesis suggests a dysregulation of the host inflammatory response is responsible for the characteristic molecular changes observed in cystic fibrosis. Yet another hypothesis suggests a primary predisposition to infection as the main cause due to the defective CFTR gene (3). After this thorough introduction the author shifts the focus onto diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in which investigations are recommended to be initiated if the characteristic symptoms are observed in any child or adult. The general symptoms include family history of the disease, salty-tasting skin, clubbing of fingers and toes, cough accompanied with sputum, hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis and isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium from the airway (3). Chloride concentration in sweat is a good marker for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The author has comprehensively tabulated a list of diseases which might give a false positive/negative result in the sweat test and hence are vital for making a differential dia gnosis. Diagnosis in infants and children can also be made by observing characteristic signs and symptoms as well as with the assistance of molecular biology techniques such as CFTR mutation detection and measurement of immunoreactive trypsinogen in blood spots, particularly in infants (3).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Seminar Article on Cystic Fibrosis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Clinical manifestations of the disease have been thoroughly explained in the following paragraphs which are addressed according to the organ systems involved. Gastrointestinal symptoms include obstruction in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreatic insufficiency, steatorrhoea and generalized malnutrition (3). The displayed symptoms include greasy stools, flatulence, abdominal bloating and poor weight gain. Biliary cirrhosis and jaundice are also observed in some cases. The respiratory system is also profoundly affected by cystic fibrosis and manifestations are in the form of chronic airway infection, bronchiectasis, gas trapping, hypoxaemia and hypercarbia (3). Characteristic bacterial infections with specific organisms are observed in the pulmonary system which includes P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and methycillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (3). Besides these major system infections, endocrine disturbances are observed in the patients and men particularly suffer from azoospermia leading to infertility. Treatment approaches available and recommended have been comprehensively described in the article and include primarily the modes employed to handle pulmonary infection and enhance lung functioning. Lung function tests involve elaborate procedures and equipment which has to be sterile. Moreover, a patient in acute respiratory distress may not be able to comply with the demands of such tests which involve breathing through equipment for a particular duration and with some effort. Inhaled hypertonic sal ine, macrolide antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen have particularly been recommended. Corticosteroids have been contraindicated in the treatment of cystic fibrosis due to their prominent side effects which can deteriorate the condition. However in emergency situations they may have to be resorted to depending upon the level of distress being experienced by a patient at a particular moment. Airway clearance techniques currently available have been recommended with the final resort as lung transplantation in cases where there have been pulmonary exacerbations due to this disease. Maintenance of appropriate nutrition is vital in patients with cystic fibrosis and supplement use, specifically pancreatic enzymes have been recommended to aid the digestive process. Regular maintenance of BMR (basal metabolic rate) has been suggested for patients so that appropriate corrective measure can be employed in a timely manner. The article has great pertinence for Ireland in p articular, where the incidence of Cystic fibrosis is the highest in the world (4). The Cystic Fibrosis Registry of Ireland (CFRI) maintains a registry of all the patients diagnosed with the disease which has been made online from July, 2002 (2).Advertising Looking for critical writing on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Around 30-40 children with the genetic defect are born in Ireland each year with a very poor life expectancy (15-25 years) (1). There is therefore a need for providing the most appropriate therapy at the right stages in such patients to make their life comfortable. The article covers most recent guidelines for treatment comprehensively which can be adopted depending upon the clinical symptoms encountered. The article rounds off with the current advances in gene therapy due to the development of advanced molecular biology techniques, which might yield some new therapeutic intervention strategy to handle this dreaded disease. In Ireland, a number of deficiencies in the current health services exist which complicate the treatment of cystic fibrosis. These include inadequate staff, lack of as well as below par physical resources and deficiencies in provision of adult services (4). These issues need to be handled appropriately if any meaningful therapeutic measures as suggested in this s tudy can be actually employed. Bibliography Annual Report, 2007. Web. Bowers F, Over 1,080 Cystic fibrosis cases here. 2004. Web. O’Sullivan BP, Freedman SD. Cystic Fibrosis, Seminar. Lancet 2009 April 28 373;1891-904 Rainey C, Blueprint for The Future. 2005. Web. This critical writing on Seminar Article on Cystic Fibrosis was written and submitted by user Estrella Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

010 Intro to Arguments Professor Ramos Blog

010 Intro to Arguments Reflection Think back on the process of writing the report. Write a short note about what you learned from the process. What do you like about the essay? What are the strengths and weaknesses? Where did you struggle? Intro to Arguments Language is an art form. Here is the  Wikipedia definition of Rhetoric. Rhetoric  is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade or motivate particular audiences in specific situations. Aristotle’s  definition  of rhetoric â€Å"The faculty of observing, in any given case, the  available means of persuasionâ€Å" Ethos: Appeals to Ethics, Credibility or Character. Ethics, ethical, trustworthiness or reputation, style/tone. The credibility of the speaker persuades. Pathos: Appeals to Emotion. Emotional or imaginative impact, stories, values. Uses emotional response to persuade an audience. Logos: Appeals to logic. Persuade by reason and evidence. Solution Argument A solution argument is a research argument that is arguing for a solution to a problem. For example, instead of arguing that abortion is bad, we would argue for solutions to abortion. How can we help people have less abortions? This does some good in the world. Solution Argument Prompt

Constitutional law of the european union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Constitutional law of the european union - Essay Example This effect is obtainable only to the extent of divergence between national law and Community law2. A vertical direct effect enables a party to invoke a Directive against a state for non implementation of a Directive. Horizontal direct effect, involves the invocation of a non implemented Directive against a private entity3. The jurisdiction of the ECJ extends over the actions brought by the ECB and the Court of Auditors, if conditions similar to those stipulated above, are in existence. Moreover, a legal or individual entity, placed in a similar situation, can initiate action to oppose a decision that affects that entity directly and individually4. As such, a Member State commits a serious breach by not implementing a Directive. In Dillenkofer v. Germany, the ECJ ruled that a Member State that failed to adopt measures, which would have realized the aims of a Directive, was guilty of deliberate and serious disregard of EC Law. The victim of such non implementation of a Directive was to be recompensed for the damage sustained by him, provided such loss could be directly attributed to the non implementation5. Plaumann v. Commission related to a decision, which disallowed Germany to reduce import duty on clementines. This decision was challenged by Plaumann, who contended that he was put to considerable loss due to this decision. The ECJ interpreted the test of individual concern to connote, whether Plaumann was harmed by the decision, due to his membership of a group that was affected by this decision or in his individual capacity. This Court opined that Plaumann was merely a member of the class of clementine importers, and that any person could acquire that status. Therefore, his contention was not accepted by the ECJ6. The UK government failed to implement the fictitious Directive 2006/2001, which related to chemical ABC. Fattenem took advantage of this situation and produced this chemical to such an

Marketing, Management Project ( Introduction) Essay

Marketing, Management Project ( Introduction) - Essay Example The presence of other car manufacturers such as Toyota and Tata Motors has made the Asian vehicle market difficult to reach (Lewis, 2011). However, the use of social media in creating product awareness gives Mercedes Benz more opportunities to get in Asian countries, especially in China (Huang, 2014). The importance of global social media channels such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube among other national or regional social networks has attracted more attention from product promoters and marketers (Harris, 2014). For a long time, Mercedes Benz has relied on social media channels to reach areas with high presence of technology. Mercedes has significantly used the Chinese leading social media networks; Qzone, Tencent Weibo and Sina Weibo in efforts to reach its target market. This means that the interaction and discussion of its brand and products is very high in social networks (Lewis, 2012). The use of social media channels in product awareness and interaction with both customers has increased in the last two years. Company marketers and public relation officers have set out to understand the real benefits from the use of social media by organization in communicating with their customers. While social media channels may not be as effective as television, newspapers or print media, Sandoval (2014, p. 46) notes that the personal relationship created by these channels improves the confidence of the customers. Mercedes Benz and other firms using social media have widely used the channels to connect with their customers concerning the quality of products and solution to any problems raised by customers (Barker et al, 2012). According to Lewis (2012), most potential customers spend more time online seeking clarification and information on products or services they are interested in. Customers use this important brand information in making their buying decisions (Lardi and Fuchs, 2013). Therefore, the type of information

The case Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co Essay Example for Free

The case Matsushita Electrical Industrial Co Essay 1.   In light of these facts, what are the chances of successfully bringing an antitrust suit against these manufacturers? Assume that there are no conflict-of-law or other procedural problems due to the manufacturers being in another country. According to, the District Court decisions it shows that there should be considerable evidence showing that one manufacturer had signed an agreement with respect to the goods sold in a way that it injured the other firm. In Powell, J., Burger, Ch. J., and Marshall, Rehnquist, and OConnor, JJ judgment the court should have relevant justification to bring an antitrust suit, before coming up with a lasting solution. The lawyer’s edition head notes suggest that the Court of Appeals can find a way out to determine the reality of the conspiracy. For one to bring antitrust suit against these manufacturers there should be an expertise testimony to be offered by the American companies to generate realistic reasons to base their judgments and material fact for instance their opinion should be   based on a mathematical construction that depends on assumptions concerning the petitioners costs ( Brennan ,Kennedy Stevens 1999). The fact that Japanese manufacturers charge lower prices than American manufacturers in the American market and by lowering its export prices in collaboration with its government is not a guarantee that they recover antitrust compensation from them.   The claim made should make an economic sense in that the assumption of conspiracy is sensible and more persuasive with the view of competing implication 2. What if, instead of discussing the topics listed above, the manufacturers discussed the detail of individual sales, production, inventories, current price lists, and future price trends? They would have solved their disagreement by coming up with proper price range, furthermore they would have obtained the relevant data concerning their businesses and share ideas on either management of sales, how to improve production, inventories and compare their current price in order to determine a relative range. They would have improved their quality of businesses as they avoid the time and money wasted in suing one another in court. They would do an assessment of price and output effects and would have avoided the injury caused by predatory conduct in markets. The would have negotiated on the terms of the sale in response to rates set by the manufactures, thus avoid being victims of an antitrust violation ( Injury to competition 2009). 3. What if they discussed average costs, freight rates, and terms of past transactions without identifying buyers or sellers.   They would have conducted confidential analysis to determine their current freight rates and expenses and operational requirements. Also, they would have realized their average costs and improve control and access management information, project on their savings, check on time performance. 4.   Should a court considering this case conclude that there has been an antitrust violation? Why or why not? No, because there was small evidence that was of importance to the claimed predatory pricing conspiracy. , there was no established realistic material fact to determine whether the company was involved in illegal conspiracy which led to American companies to suffering injury.   It was difficult to determine the maximum-price-fixing agreements and market forces alone determined the kind of goods and services offered, their prices, and the success or fail of particular sellers. The other reasons are that the opinions they used were not based on economic factors as there was no mathematical analysis to determine whether the petitioners were involved in long-term, below-cost sales or not. (Supreme Court, 1986) Lastly the two manufacturers were competing to be the best ,so the like hood of having a winner or a looser was there, consequently making one of them to be demoralized hence rising to fight back.

The Death of a Moth Essay -- Literary Analysis, Virginia Woolf

What started out as an ordinary day turned out to be one if the worst tragedies in the history of Bangladesh – the fire at Nimtoli in Dhaka. I sat in shock as I saw the news reports of the tragic incident showing numerous buildings on fire burning mercilessly, people running in havoc with no idea where loved ones are and yet others trapped inside the buildings, screaming, being burned alive. However, nothing seemed to have any effect on the ruthless fire which kept on burning, claiming as many lives as it could, turning a deaf ear to the desperate cries of hundreds of people. The blazing flames simply devoured everything in their path, burning them to ash. It finally subsided in the early hours of dawn, but the damage it left behind was monumental – piles of debris and dead bodies scattered in buildings which were burned charcoal black. As the police and firemen recovered countless bodies from the ruins, I wondered about the strange nature of life and death. In her essay, â€Å"The Death of a Moth†, Virginia Woolf contemplates how life and death are separated by a single thread of â€Å"energy† and how eventually the force of death snaps the thread, overpowering life and proving its superior strength (385). Woolf reflects how life and death are two mutually exclusive forces of nature, yet they are intertwined by the law of nature itself. In the essay, Woolf observes a moth, an â€Å"insignificant creature† at his attempts to â€Å"[enjoy] his meager opportunities† of a particularly vibrant morning bustling with life, energy and activity (385). However the moth is soon faced with a force which Woolf deems to be far superior to life’s energy. It is a force â€Å"which would, had it chosen, have submerged an entire city, not merely a city, but masses of hu... .... They are also echoed by humans in an attempt to delay death. However, as Woolf claims, death indeed is the ultimate destination of all living things. It is how we reach that destination that matters the most. All rational living creatures â€Å"diverge ever more widely from [their] original course of life and to make ever more complicated detours before reaching [their] final aim of death† (Freud 32). Robert Frost in his poem â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† writes: â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold.† The fact that life is a â€Å"hue† that we want to hold questions Woolf’s supposed claims; if death is indeed the stronger force of nature and life the weaker, then why do all living beings choose the weaker force? Perhaps there is a force stronger than the force of life and death, one that governs life and death, and that I believe is the force of nature.

Principles of accounts Essay

1. Explain the concept of accounting; concept of â€Å"Accounting† and â€Å"Principles of Accounting† 2. State the purpose of accounting; Accounting as a business practice – the purpose of Accounting. 3. Identify the users of accounting information; Internal and external users Accounting information and their needs 4. Outline the distinguishing features of various types of business organizations; Types of business organizations: (i) Sole-Traders (ii) Partnerships (iii) Corporations (Limited Liability companies) (iv) Cooperatives (v) Non-Profit Organizations 5. Identify the main financial statements prepared by various business organizations; Financial Statements – Income statement, Trading and Profit & Loss A/C, Income and Expenditure A/C, Balance sheets, Cash Flow Statements. (Teachers are not expected to teach how to prepare the cash flow statements but it should be identified as one of the financial statements which must be prepared by corporations). 6. Describe the accounting cycle; The Accounting cycle with its diagrammatic representation. 7. Outline the concepts and conventions that guide the accounting process; Accounting concepts and conventions – principles which guide the accounting process: accrual and matching concept; prudence (conservation) concept; consistency concept; separate entity concept. 8. Assess the role and impact of technology on the accounting process; (a) accounting processes which could be readily preformed by the use of the computer, for example: payroll, stock control, debtors’ and creditors’ schedules. (b) What are the software currently being used in Accounting e.g. Peachtree, SimplyAccounting (c) Advantages and disadvantages of using the computer in accounting. CXC CSEC Principles of Accounts Exam Guide Section 1: Introduction to Principles of Accounts SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES The students should be able to: CONTENT 1. Explain the concept of accounting; concept of â€Å"Accounting† and â€Å"Principles of Accounting† 2. State the purpose of accounting; Accounting as a business practice – the purpose of Accounting. 3. Identify the users of accounting information; Internal and external users Accounting information and their needs 4. Outline the distinguishing features of various types of business organizations; Types of business organizations: (i) Sole-Traders (ii) Partnerships (iii) Corporations (Limited Liability companies) (iv) Cooperatives (v) Non-Profit Organizations 5. Identify the main financial statements prepared by various business organizations; Financial Statements – Income statement, Trading and Profit & Loss A/C, Income and Expenditure A/C, Balance sheets, Cash Flow Statements. (Teachers are not expected to teach how to prepare the cash flow statements but it should be identified as one of the financial statements which must be prepared by corporations). 6. Describe the accounting cycle; The Accounting cycle with its diagrammatic representation. 7. Outline the concepts and conventions that guide the accounting process; Accounting concepts and conventions – principles which guide the accounting process: accrual and matching concept; prudence (conservation) concept; consistency concept; separate entity concept. 8. Assess the role and impact of technology on the accounting process; (a) accounting processes which could be readily preformed by the use of the computer, for example: payroll, stock control, debtors’ and creditors’ schedules. (b) What are the software currently being used in Accounting e.g. Peachtree, SimplyAccounting (c) Advantages and disadvantages of using the computer in accounting.